4

As I discuss in this question, by far the most popular school of Hindu philosophy is the Vedanta school, which bases its tenets on the doctrines laid out in the Brahma Sutras, a work by the sage Vyasa which summarizes and systematizes the philosophical teachings of the Upanishads. (You can read the Brahma Sutras here.) Now as I discuss in this answer, most Vedantic philosophies believe in three Pramanas or means of valid knowledge: Pratyaksha or perception, Anumana or inference, and Shabda or scriptural testimony.

Advaitins, on the other hand, believe in 6 Pramanas: Pratyaksha or perception, Anumana or inference, Shabda or scriptural testimony, Upamana or comparison, Arthapatti or presumption, and Anupalabdhi or non-apprehension. Here's what what the 17th century Advaita philosopher Dharmaraja Adhvarindra says in this excerpt from his Vedanta Paribhasha:

Those means of knowledge are six in number, their divisions being perception, inference, comparison, verbal testimony, presumption and non-apprehension.

These are, incidentally, the same six Pramanas accepted by the Purva Mimamsa philosopher Kumarila Bhatta and his followers. (The Purva Mimamsa philosopher Prabhakara and his followers, in contrast, only believed in five Pramanas.) But my question is, what is the earliest Advaita work that references these six Pramanas?

I found out from this forum post that the 13th century Advaita philosopher Chitshuka says in his Tattva Pradipika the following quote: "Vyavahare Bhattanayah", which means that from the relative perspective (the perspective of someone living under Maya) Advaitins agree with Kumarila Bhatta. I'm not sure whether Chitshuka was referring to the number of Pramanas though.

In any case, does Adi Shankaracharya reference these six Pramanas in any of his works? What about any of his disciples?

3
  • Btw, Tarka-Sangraha is also a related work of 17th century on Pramana.
    – Pandya
    Commented Jul 25, 2017 at 14:03
  • @Pandya Yeah, I've read Annambhatta's Tarka Sangraha. It's a work of the Nyaya school and it advocates the view that there are four Pramanas: Pratyaksha, Anumana, Shabda, and Upamana. (This wasn't the unanimous view of the Nyaya school; there were a small number of Naiyayikas who believed in 3 Pramanas rather than 4.) in any case, see the B.L. Atreya quote in my question here for a list of Pramanas that each philosophical school believed in: hinduism.stackexchange.com/q/19727/36 Commented Jul 25, 2017 at 15:20
  • 1
    Vivekachudamani of Adi Shankaracharya mentions four Pramanas: स्वस्याविद्याबन्धसम्बन्धमोक्षा- त्सत्यज्ञानानन्दरूपात्मलब्धौ ।<br> शास्त्रं युक्तिर्देशिकोक्तिः प्रमाणं चान्तःसिद्धा स्वानुभूतिः प्रमाणम् ॥ ४७४॥ "474. In the realisation of the Atman, the Existence-Knowledge-Bliss Absolute, through the breaking of one’s connection with the bondage of Avidya or ignorance, the Scriptures, reasoning and the words of the Guru are the proofs, while one’s own experience earned by concentrating the mind is another proof."
    – Pandya
    Commented Aug 7, 2017 at 5:40

0

You must log in to answer this question.

Browse other questions tagged .