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1 day of Brahma equals about 8.6 Billion Years or 2 Kalpas.

According to this the day itself or 1 Kalpa is just 4.3 Billion Years.

Our Universe should be destroyed during the night of Brahma or for the 2nd Kalpa.

So the current Universe should only be 4.3 Billion Years old.

But the current Universe is about 13 Billion Years old according to Science. How's does this match with science?

Also, it goes on to say that this is 1st Day of the 51st year of Brahma which is equal to approx.

155 Trillion Years. But again, the Universe is just 13 Billion Years according to Science. So should we say that science is just talking about the current universe?

How does this calculation match with science?

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    Not whole universe is destroyed at the end of day of Brahma(Kalpa). Only earth is destroyed. After the life time of Brahma(Vikalpa) all lokas except Vaikunta and Kailasa( situated in Spiritual Universe) gets annihilated. So age of the Universe is 155 trillion years. – The Destroyer♦ Nov 5 '15 at 13:25
  • @AnilKumar Well, in the end of the Kalpa the three worlds are destroyed, including Bhuloka, and I happen to think that Bhuloka encompasses the entire physical Universe, although some people have a different opinion on the subject; see my answer here: hinduism.stackexchange.com/a/7262/36 – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Nov 5 '15 at 13:47
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    @KeshavSrinivasan Bhuloka doesn't encompass all the physical universe. Bhuloka is situated in the middle. There is satyaloka, right beneath the covering of Hiranyagarbha. And at the end of Brahma's day, only 3 worlds are destroyed and not the entire physical universe. See my question here: hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/9322/… – Chinmay Sarupria Nov 6 '15 at 5:19
  • @ChinmaySarupria Well, there are different views on this. As I discuss in the end of the answer I linked to, I think in addition to special separation there's also dimensional separation, i.e. the Lokas are located in separate Universes. I don't think that if you went in a spaceship and you traveled for the amount of Yojanas mentioned in the Puranas, that you would necessarily come to Devaloka. You would come to the right spatial location, but you would have to switch Universes. – Keshav Srinivasan♦ Nov 6 '15 at 12:17
  • @KeshavSrinivasan Srimad Bhagavtam describes the structure of our universe and tells what is contained in our universe. So there is no point in discussing planetary systems in some other universe. – Chinmay Sarupria Nov 6 '15 at 12:33
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One place where the age of the universe is discussed is in Mahabharata Santi Parva. The relevant lines in the Mahabharata are:

'A year (of human beings) is equal to a day and night of the gods. The division (as regards the god) consists in this: the half year for which the sun travels from the vernal to the autumnal equinox is the day of the deities, and the half year for which the sun travels from the later to the former is their night. ....................The learned say that these twelve thousand years (of the deities) constitute what is called yuga. A thousand such yugas compose a single day of Brahman. The same is the duration of Brahman's night. With the commencement of Brahman's day the universe begins to start into life. During the period of universal dissolution the Creator sleeps, having recourse to yoga-meditation.'

Mahabharata, Santi Parva. Section CCXXXI

If you take the Mahabharat information then the life of a universe is given by (1x365 human years)x(12000)x(1000) =4.38 billion human years. Please notice how carefully Mahabharata says that this is thought by the 'learned'. Any divine revelation will talk of scientific topics like the age of the universe in terms that will be understood by the learned of that time. Otherwise nobody will understand what is being said. Thus Gita should be understood as saying that the time scale of Brahma and the universe is enormous.

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The Vedas say that Brahma lives in the Sun. Some commentators have said that Brahma is for this solar system only as he resides in the Sun. If there is life on other systems outside our own, they would have their own Brahmas. If you accept this, then the age of 1 day of Brahma maps pretty good to the lifetime of the Sun.

Sankaracharya has also said that these stories do not have to be taken literally as true. They can be taken as parables. They were done in this manner to make a complex situation understandable to ignorant people.

Reagrdless as to which story you think is better, all point to Brahman as the sole cause of this universe. All point to Brahman being the only true Reality. Realize God and ask Him directly what is true. Arguing over which story is true is pointless, it is the same as arguing over the husk and letting the rice be gone. As Ramakrishna Paramahamsa said, we are here to enjoy mangoes, not to count how many leaves are on each mange tree....

You should be a little less hesitant to accept science as absolute. What science was saying 200 years ago is different from what science was saying 100 years ago is different from what science says today and will be different from what science will be saying in 100 years. Less that 100 years ago it was still generally accepted that there was only 1 galaxy. I saw on the internet last week a new paper by some astrophysicists that says there was no big bang; the universe is expanding in both directions (past and future)...

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  • 1 Kalpa (4.3 Billion Years)of Brahma matches the age of earth approx. which is 4.54 Billion Years. But in the 2nd Kalpa or the night of Brahma (after 4.3 Billion Years), Brahma sleeps and there is total annihilation. So in that case, after this age of earth, the earth should be totally destroyed again and this should just be the 1st Day of Brahma (maybe the 51st Year of Brahma)? – user3750229 Feb 18 '15 at 6:01
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The existence of the Universe consists of 3 equal parts, namely, Pradhama Parardha (First period of activity), Kshaya Kalpa (Great delusion) and Dviteeya Parardha (Second period of activity). It is 2 days and one night --- all three are of equal duration of 4.32 billion years. Kshaya kalpa and Dviteeya Parardha is called Sveta Varaha Kalpa. Thu, the existence of the Universe is 12.96 billion years and the science starting with a modest figure of 4.5 billion ears went up to 15 billion years and finally came down to about 13 billion years, a figure very close to the value of 12.96 bn years of Hindu cosmology.

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